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Pourquoi suis-je en proie aux achats compulsifs (Oniomanie)?

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Les achats compulsifs peuvent avoir de lourdes conséquences – surtout sur le plan financier ! On parle parfois d’oniomanie : d’où vient ce besoin pathologique d’acheter ? Comment le repérer et le dépasser ? Éclairage d’expertes. 

Vous achetez sans compter, au point de vous endetter et d’avoir honte de votre comportement ? Peut-être souffrez-vous d’une addiction aux achats, aussi connue sous le nom d’oniomanie. Cette fièvre acheteuse se caractérise par une envie irrépressible d’acheter et de dépenser son argent. Elle n’est pas encore reconnue comme une véritable addiction, mais stimule les mêmes mécanismes de dépendance. 

Achats compulsifs : de quoi s’agit-il ?

“Il faut bien faire la différence entre un achat impulsif, sans réflexion préalable, et un achat compulsif pathologique. Dans ce deuxième cas, la personne ne parvient plus à retenir ses impulsions, qui deviennent trop fortes et la font céder, en dépit de sa raison“, explique Stéphanie Ladel.

On peut donc parler d’addiction, dans la mesure où la personne n’a aucune prise sur ce phénomène et où ses achats impulsifs se multiplient, jusqu’à la mettre en difficulté financière ou en conflit avec ses proches.

À noter : lorsque l’on cède à un achat compulsif, on ressent du plaisir immédiatement après avoir dépensé son argent, mais la satisfaction ne dure pas longtemps et laisse rapidement place à la honte ou à la culpabilité de ne pas avoir pu/su se maîtriser. Dans certains cas, les objets achetés ne sont même pas utilisés, et cachés. 

“Symptômes” : comment savoir si on est concerné.e ?

Les personnes concernées ont un besoin fréquent et irrésistible d’acheter pour eux, ou pour les autres. Elles préfèrent souvent être seules pour acheter. Tous les “types” d’objets peuvent être concernés : 

  • vêtements / lingerie / chaussures ; 
  • bijoux / montres / accessoires ; 
  • maquillage ;
  • meubles ;
  • plantes ; 
  • voitures ; 
  • livres, CD, DVD ; 
  • figurines ; 
  • matériel de bureau,
  • matériel de cuisine,
  • matériel d’informatique,
  • instruments de musique ;
  • etc. 

Le besoin est épisodique, il ne dure pas plus d’une heure et peut se manifester à différentes fréquences (une fois par semaine, par jour, etc). Autant d’achats favorisés par le paiement en ligne. Vous avez soudain une envie irrépressible de cadres, pour orner votre armoire ? Rien de plus simple, saisisses-vous de votre ordinateur ou de votre smartphone… “Les paiements dématérialisés brouillent la notion de dépense. Les personnes compulsives peuvent avoir encore plus de mal à résister”, regrette le Dr Jacqueline Kerjean, chef de service addictologie au CH Bretagne Sud et vice-présidente de l’association Addictions France. 

Quels sont les signes d’alerte ?

  • lorsque vous commencez à réaliser que vous avez perdu le contrôle et que vous achetez sans en avoir ni besoin, ni envie ; 
  • lorsque vous ne vous préoccupez plus que de vos futurs achats, et que cela vire à l’obsession ; 
  • lorsque vous regrettez l’achat d’un objet ou éprouvez un sentiment de culpabilité après avoir cédé à une pulsion ; 
  • lorsque vous n’arrivez plus à boucler vos fins de mois et que vous accumulez des dettes ; 
  • lorsque vos armoires débordent d’objets dont vous n’avez aucune utilité ; 
  • lorsque votre tendance pathologique à l’achat a des répercussions sur vos relations personnelles

Pourquoi fait-on des achats compulsifs ?

L’oniomanie peut se nourrir d’une faible estime de soi et d’une difficulté à gérer ses émotions. Un accès de colère, de culpabilité ou de stress peut rapidement être résolu par un achat compensateur qui valorise, un temps, son acquéreur. 

Les achats compulsifs peuvent également être liés à des facteurs familiaux : enfant, on nous a appris à récompenser ou à consoler quelqu’un en lui offrant des cadeaux disproportionnés. 

On peut aussi être confronté à un simple “craquage” passager : à force de pubs et de spams, on cède parfois à une envie sans trop y réfléchir. La fameuse “société de consommation”. 

Il faut aussi savoir que l’addiction aux achats peut être un signe révélateur de trouble psychiatrique, notamment de phases maniaques, dans le cadre de troubles bipolaires, souligne le Dr Kerjean. 

Quoi qu’il en soit, ce trouble se présente rarement seul : il est accompagné de dépression ou de troubles anxieux, voire, il fait suite à un stress post-traumatique.

Comment lutter contre les achats compulsifs ?

Il n’existe pas de traitement médicamenteux pour prendre en charge le trouble d’achat compulsif. 

La première étape est d’admettre le problème et de prendre conscience de ses répercussions. Vient ensuite le temps de trouver des solutions adaptatives. Quelques conseils pour mieux gérer ses dépenses : 

  • Ne pas prendre sa carte bancaire ou son chéquier pour aller faire des courses, mais uniquement de l’argent en espèce ; 
  • Ne pas enregistrer sa carte bancaire en ligne ; 
  • Ne pas hésiter à demander de l’aide à ses proches ; 
  • Miser sur des techniques de relaxation et de méditation pour s’ancrer dans le présent. 

Lorsque ces résolutions échouent, que la personne est endettée et se retrouve dans une situation de grande frustration ou d’anxiété, mieux vaut demander de l’aide à un professionnel (médecin généraliste, psychologue, travailleur social, etc) pour limiter les dégâts. La prise en charge est à la fois médicale, psychothérapeutique et sociale : 

  • des thérapies interpersonnelles et les thérapies cognitivo-comportementales (TCC) sont généralement efficaces ; 
  • le fait de traiter la dépression, les troubles anxieux ou le stress post-traumatique peut aussi améliorer ce trouble compulsif ; 
  • enfin, l’aide de travailleurs sociaux peut permettre de faire face aux problèmes d’endettement. 

Article de Manon Duran (SM)

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